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Basic Construction.
Nine out of ten houses in this
country are wood‑frame constructions. Many of them are covered with wood
siding; others may be covered with wood shingles, composition shingles or
siding, brick veneer or stucco. Regardless of the type of exterior
covering, these houses fall in the general classification of wood‑frame
construction. There are, however, three
One advantage of plank‑and‑bearing
framing is that it lends itself to the construction of contemporary houses
where the planks and beams are used as exposed, finished materials.
EXTERIOR FRAME WALLS
Framing
Exterior wall framing should be
strong and stiff enough to support the vertical loads from floors and
roof. Moreover, the walls should be able to resist the lateral loads
resulting from winds and, in some areas, from earthquakes. Thus, the top
plates should be doubled and overlapped at the wall and‑bearing‑partition
intersection to tie the building together into a strong unit.
Studs, which in exterior walls are
placed with the wide faces perpendicular to the direction of the wall,
should be at least 2 by 4 inches for one-story and two‑story buildings. In
three‑story buildings, studs in the bottom story should be at least 2 by 6
inches. In one‑story buildings, studs may be spaced 24 inches, on center,
unless otherwise limited by the wall covering, while in multistory
buildings spacing should not exceed 16 inches on center. In all cases, an
arrangement of multiple studs is used at the comers to provide for ready
attachment of exterior and interior surface materials.
Where doors or windows are to be
located, provision must be made in the framing to carry the vertical load
across the opening. This provision is made by a header of adequate size,
the ends of which may be supported either on studs or by framing anchors
when the span or opening does not exceed 3 feet in width.
If the builder chooses, a
continuous header consisting of 2‑inch members set on edge may be used
instead of a double top plate. If a continuous header is used, the depth
of the members must be the same as that required to span the largest
opening and. the joints in individual members should be staggered at least
three stud spaces and should not occur over openings.
The members should be toe nailed
to studs and comers; intersections, with bearing partitions, should be
lapped or tied with metal straps. Studs in gable ends should rest on wall
plates with top notches to fit the end rafter to which they are nailed. |
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Inspection Services